If the two components come together to form perceived stress, this reaction may adversely affect physiological and mental well-being (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984 Schneider et al., 2020). Emotional arousal is primarily induced in the limbic system of the brain including the insula (Barrett, 2012 Muzik & Diwadkar, 2019). Affective integration denominates emotional arousal linked to the cognitive appraisal (Everly & Lating, 2019). If these resources are evaluated to be insufficient, coping fails, and perceived stress emerges (Cohen et al., 1998 Lazarus & Folkman, 1984 Schneider et al., 2020). Cognitive appraisal comprises the meaning that an individual assigns to an event and an individual’s assessment of their available resources to handle it (Barrett, 2012 Everly & Lating, 2019 Schneider et al., 2020). This inception rests upon the two components of cognitive appraisal and affective integration (Everly & Lating, 2019 Kleckner et al., 2017 Muzik & Diwadkar, 2019). Researchers have emphasized not to focus on objective stress only but to capture its appraisal, which is critical for the inception of psychological stress (Muzik & Diwadkar, 2019 Schiffrin & Nelson, 2010). 6.Īn individual’s response to a stressful event is “not based solely on the intensity or any other inherent quality of the event, but rather is dependent on personal and contextual factors as well” (Cohen et al., 1983). The paper closes with concluding remarks in Sect. The experiment design is explained in Sect. Section 2 details related work on the matter. We seek to contribute to the body of knowledge by highlighting the WHM’s association with reduced perceived stress. Previous research has focused on physiological measures such as inflammation markers and the impact on inflammation-related illnesses such as arthritis (Buijze et al., 2019 Zwaag et al., 2020), altitude acclimatization (Buijze & Hopman, 2014), and the activity of the autonomic nervous system (Kox et al., 2012, 2014). These two components are complemented with exercises seeking to increase practitioners’ commitment, such as push-ups, stretching, and a reduced number of yoga poses (Innerfire, 2021), which are used to build the discipline for regular application of breathing techniques and cold exposure. Simultaneously, recent years have witnessed the uprising of the Wim Hof Method (WHM), a combination of pranayama-like breathing and cold exposure in the form of cold showers and, in its more extreme variant, ice baths. Hence, it is important to provide remedies that attenuate this downward spiral. Other adverse consequences include depression (Spada et al., 2008), anxiety (Shi et al., 2020), increased levels of inflammation, and a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease (Black & Garbutt, 2002 Richardson et al., 2012). Experience of stress is associated with a variety of negative outcomes such as a neglect of physical exercise, increases in drinking and smoking, and the adoption of an unhealthy diet in terms of high fat intake (Leventhal et al., 2017 Mikolajczyk et al., 2009 Ng & Jeffery, 2003 Vidal et al., 2018). This subjective evaluation is a relevant part of an individual’s response to stress (Cohen et al., 1983). Perceived stress is a widely employed notion to capture individuals’ subjective stress experience (Cohen, 1988 Fliege et al., 2005 Roberti et al., 2006 Taylor, 2015). Stress is a major concept regarding individual health. Combinations of breathing techniques and cold exposure may be employed to decrease individuals’ perceived stress. The breathing technique and cold exposure on their own were not found to yield substantial effects, indicating synergies between both exercises. The combined group exhibited a medium to large positive effect on perceived stress compared to the control group. The instruments exhibit a substantial correlation (r = 0.842, p < 0.001). Perceived stress is measured employing the 10-item version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and the 20-item version of the Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ). Eighty-six individuals participated in the study. An experiment involving four groups was conducted, yielding separate cells for breathing technique-only and cold exposure-only, as well as a combined treatment and a control group. A pranayama-inspired breathing technique, cold exposure, and their combined application were assessed for their potential to reduce perceived stress in adults and compared to a control group.
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